投稿时间：2024-05-28
修订日期：2024-11-02
网络发布日期：2025-01-07
中文摘要:东昆仑造山带作为特提斯域内典型的增生型造山带，最大限度地保存了古特提斯洋裂解扩张到消减闭合过程的物质记录，是探索古特提斯演化与资源效应的理想研究区。文章以东昆仑造山带古特提斯构造演化过程为宏观视角，综合近年带内勘查及研究新进展，概括总结了不同造山阶段典型矿床的发育机制，以期进一步凝练古特提斯成矿特色，深化区域成矿规律。文章总结认为，夏日哈木岩浆型Ni-Co-Cu矿（413~406 Ma）及新近发现的大格勒碱性岩-碳酸岩型Nb矿（约418~382 Ma）是原/古特提斯转换时期碰撞后陆内张裂背景的产物，标志着东昆仑原特提斯演化的结束与古特提斯体制的正式开启；德尔尼块状硫化物型Cu-Co-Zn矿床（约295 Ma）产于阿尼玛卿蛇绿岩套内，是慢速-超慢速扩张洋中脊热液成矿系统的典型实例；早石炭世至晚三叠世早期，古特提斯阿尼玛卿洋先后经历低角度俯冲、俯冲回卷和高角度俯冲、地体拼贴导致地壳增厚与后碰撞（俯冲）伸展等过程。该阶段晚期（238~213 Ma）形成众多造山型Au矿、矽卡岩-斑岩型Fe/Cu多金属矿床及浅成低温热液型Ag矿床等，与造山过程中周期性挤压-伸展环境产生的大规模岩浆活动密切相关。区别于安第斯、科迪勒拉及中亚等经典增生型造山带，东昆仑带该时期并不发育典型的斑岩铜矿系统，这可能因为受到相对低氧逸度、低水含量的岩浆性质的制约。晚三叠世晚期开始，东昆仑造山带进入陆内伸展环境，碱性A1型流纹岩（213~200 Ma）的发现标志着带内古特提斯构造体制的结束。受自然地理条件的限制，东昆仑带总体矿产勘查和研究程度目前仍偏低，已知矿床的深边部及外围地质找矿潜力和找矿空间依然较大，古特提斯漫长的地质演化过程中多期造山伸展事件、复合成矿过程及其深部驱动机制仍需进一步理清。
Abstract:The East Kunlun Orogenic Belt, which occurs as an accretionary orogen within the Tethyan domain, comprehensively preserves the material evidence from the rifting and expansion to the subduction and closure of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean, thereby serving as a suitable region for investigating the evolution of the Paleo-Tethys and its resource effect. This study adopts a macroscopic perspective on the tectonic evolution of the Paleo-Tethys within the East Kunlun Orogen, integrating recent exploration and research advancements to elucidate the ore-forming mechanisms across varied orogenic stages. The aim is to further refine our understanding on the Paleo-Tethys's metallogenic traits and deepen insights into regional ore-forming regularity. It is summarized that the Xiarihamu magmatic Ni-Co-Cu deposit (413~406 Ma) and the newly discovered Dagele alkaline rock-carbonatite Nb deposit (418~382 Ma) formed in a post-collisional intracontinental rifting setting during the Proto-Tethys to Paleo-Tethys transition period, which marks the end of Proto-Tethys evolution and the initiation of the Paleo-Tethys regime in East Kunlun. Additionally, the Dur’ngoi massive sulfide Cu-Co-Zn deposit (approximately 295 Ma), situated within the Anemaqen ophiolite belt, exemplifies a hydrothermal ore-forming system at slow to ultra-slow expanding mid-ocean ridges. Throughout the Early Carboniferous to early period of Late Triassic, the Paleo-Tethys Anemaqen Ocean underwent processes such as low-angle subduction, slab roll-back, high-angle subduction, and terrane accretion, which contributed to crustal thickening and post-collisional extension. During the terminal stage of this period (238~213 Ma), a series of orogenic Au deposits, skarn-porphyry Fe/Cu polymetallic deposits, and epithermal Ag deposits emerged, closely associated with the extensive magmatic activities driven by periodic compressive-extensive tectonic environments. Different from classical accretionary orogens such as the Andes, Cordillera, and Central Asia, no typical porphyry Cu systems developed in the East Kunlun Belt during this era, likely due to the relatively low oxygen fugacity and water content of manga. Since the Late Triassic period, the orogenic belt transitioned into an intracontinental extension setting, highlighted by the discovery of alkaline A1-type rhyolites (213~200 Ma), indicating the termination of the Paleo-Tethys tectonic regime. Hindered by geographical constraints, the overall level of mineral exploration and research in the East Kunlun belt remains inadequate, yet the known deposits still exhibit significant geological prospecting potential and spatial opportunities for future exploration. The multi-stage orogenic extension events, the complex ore-forming processes, and their deep-seated driving mechanisms throughout the protracted geological evolution of the Paleo-Tethys need further research.
keywords:East Kunlun Orogen Paleo-Tethys tectonic evolution accretionary orogeny ore-forming features
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基金项目:本文得到陕西省自然科学基础研究计划项目“铜同位素示踪富CH4斑岩系统中Cu的迁移-富集机制：以赛什塘铜矿为例（编号：2024JC-YBMS-206）”和中国地质调查局地质调查项目“中国钴矿产地质总结研究（编号：DD20221695-45）”、“东昆仑祁漫塔格地区多旋回构造岩浆演化与多金属成矿（编号：1212011085528）”联合资助
引用文本：
丰成友,王辉,瞿泓滢,于淼,钟世华.2024.东昆仑造山带古特提斯演化及大规模金属成矿特色[J].矿床地质,43(6):1316~1335FENG ChengYou,WANG Hui,QU HongYing,YU Miao,ZHONG ShiHua.2024.Paleo-Tethys tectonic evolution and related large-scale metallogenic features in East Kunlun Orogen[J].Mineral Deposits43(6):1316~1335
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