(1 中国科学院矿物学与成矿学重点实验室, 广东 广州510640; 2 中国科学院大学, 北京100049; 3 中国地质科学院矿产资源研究所 国土资源部成矿作用与资源评价重点 开发实验室, 北京100037; 4 新疆地质矿产开发局第一地质大队, 新疆 昌吉8311 00)
第一作者简介赵联党, 男, 1989年生, 博士研究生, 矿物学、岩石学、矿床学专业。 Email: zhaold126@126.com
**通讯作者陈华勇, 男, 1976年生, 博士, 研究员, 主要从事造山带金属矿产成矿 模式研究及找矿勘探应用。 Email: huayongchen@gig.ac.cn
收稿日期2015_12_05
改回日期2016_12_30。 秦思婷编辑。
本文得到国家重点基础研究发展计划“973”项目(编号: 2014CB440802、2014CB448000) 、 中国科学院创新交叉团队合作项目(编号: Y433131A07)和新疆重大基础研究项目(编号 : 201330121)联合资助
(1 Key Laboratory of Mineralogy and Metallogeny, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, China; 2 Graduate University of Chinese Aca demy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; 3 MRL Key Laboratory of Metallogeny and Mineral Assessment, Institute of Mineral Resource, Chinese Academy of Geologi cal Sciences, Beijing 100037, China; 4 No. 1 Geological Party, Xinjiang Bureau of Geology and Mineral Exploration, Changji 831100, Xinjiang, China)
2015_12_05
大南湖_头苏泉岛弧带北部以大草滩断裂与哈尔里克岛弧带为界。大南湖_头苏泉岛弧带主要 由泥盆系—石炭系火山岩和一些侵入体组成(Mao et al.,2005),发育土屋、延东、灵 龙等一些斑岩型铜矿床(Shen et al.,2014;吴华等,2006)。康古尔韧性剪切带位于康 古尔断裂和雅满苏断裂之间,是区分准噶尔板块和塔里木板块的一条重要区域构造带(Mao et al.,2005)。该韧性剪切带主要由具有绿片岩相变质作用和韧性变形的石炭系火山岩( Xiao et al.,2004c)以及二叠系中_基性侵入体组成,并且分别在东、西部发育一些 铜镍硫 化物矿床(黄山、黄山东;Deng et al.,2014)和金矿床(石英滩、康古尔;Rui et al. ,2002;Zhang et al.,2002)。阿齐山_雅满苏岛弧带位于康古尔韧性剪切带的南部,两 者以雅满苏断裂为界(图1c)。该岛弧带主要由石炭系火山岩、火山碎屑岩、碎屑岩、沉 积岩夹层,以及覆盖石炭系之上的二叠系碎屑岩、火山岩和碳酸盐岩夹层组成(Mao et al. ,2005)。同时,该岛弧带发育一些侵入到石炭系的酸性侵入岩,而这些侵入岩的形成时代 主要集中于晚石炭世—早二叠世(李文明等,2002;周涛发等,2010)。大量的Fe(_Cu) 矿床发育于该岛弧带,如红云滩、百灵山、黑尖山、赤龙峰、雅满苏和沙泉子等,其中一些 矿 床富Cu(-Au)。中天山地块位于阿齐山_雅满苏岛弧带的南部,并以阿其克库都克断裂为 界 。中天山地块主要由片麻岩、石英片岩、混合岩、大理岩、钙碱性的玄武安山岩、 火山碎屑 岩、花岗闪长岩和少量的I型花岗岩组成(Liu et al.,2004;Mao et al.,2005),并发 育Pb_Zn(彩霞山、宏源)、Ag多金属(吉源)和Fe(阿拉塔格、天湖)矿床(图1c)。
黑尖山矿区主要发育3组断裂和1个小型向斜构造。最早期的断裂沿NW_NNW走向切穿马头滩组 第二岩性段的凝灰岩、玄武岩和角砾凝灰岩;较年轻的NNE_NE向断裂局部切穿石英闪长 岩 ;最晚的断裂切穿闪长玢岩、石英闪长岩、石英正长斑岩和二长花岗岩,走向近EW向到NE向 。
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图 1中亚造山带的构造格架简图(a) (据Sengr et al.,1996修改)、北疆构造格架示 意图(b) (据Chen et al.,2012修改)和东天山地质及矿产分布图(c)(据王京彬等,2 006;邓小华等,2014修改) 1—中-新生代沉积物; 2—二叠纪火山岩、沉积岩; 3—石炭纪火山岩; 4—奥陶纪—泥 盆纪火山岩; 5—前寒武纪基底; 6—花岗岩; 7—断裂; 8—剪切带; 9—矿床(点) Fig. 1Simplified tectonic framework of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (a) (m odified after Sengr et al.,1996),sketch map showing the tectonic framewor k of North Xinjiang (b) (modified after Chen et al.,2012) and geological ma p of the Eastern Tian_ shan Orogenic Belt and distribution of deposits ( c) (modified after Wang et al.,2006; Deng et al.,2014) 1—Meso_Cenozoic sediments; 2—Permian volcanic and sedimentary rocks; 3—Carb oniferous volcanic rocks; 4—Ordovician_Devonican volcanic rocks; 5—P recamb rian basement; 6—Granite; 7—Fault; 8—Shear zone; 9—Ore deposit |
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图 2黑尖山Fe_Cu(_Au)矿床地质图(据新疆维吾尔自治区地质调查院,2003修改) 1—玄武安山玢岩; 2—凝灰岩、玄武岩、角砾凝灰岩; 3—沉凝灰岩、凝灰岩、玄武岩; 4—石英正长斑岩; 5—二长花岗岩; 6—花岗闪长岩; 7—石英闪长岩; 8—闪 长玢岩 ; 9—辉绿玢岩; 10—断层; 11—矿体; 12—勘探线; 13—钻孔及编号 Fig. 2Geological map of the Heijianshan Fe_Cu (_Au) deposit(modified after Xi njiang Uygur Autonomous Region Geological Survey,2003) 1—Basaltic andesitic porphyry; 2—Tuff,basalt and brecciated tuff; 3—Sedime ntary tuff,tuff and basalt; 4—Quartz syenite porphyry; 5—Monzonitic granite ; 6—Granodiorite; 7—Quartz diorite; 8—Diorite porphyry; 9—Diabase porphy ry; 10—Fault; 11—Orebody; 12—Exploration line; 13—Drill hole and its number |
详细的矿物共生组合鉴定和脉体穿切关系确定的基础上,黑尖山Fe_Cu(_Au)矿床的矿 物 生成顺序可划分为7个阶段(图5)。阶段I中的铬铁矿出现在阶段Ⅲ磁铁矿的核部,并被磁 铁矿交代或切穿,指示铬铁矿应该早于磁铁矿形成。阶段Ⅱ以出现大量的绿帘石化为特征, 且绿帘石以热液脉或者集束状产出,并被磁铁矿和角闪石所交代。此外,可见阶段Ⅱ的绿帘 石被阶段Ⅲ的阳起石_磁铁矿脉切穿(图6a)。阶段Ⅲ作为该矿床的Fe矿化阶段,可被分 为赤铁矿亚阶段和主磁铁矿化阶段,赤铁矿亚阶段是根据假象磁铁矿和石英共生现象推断得 出。主磁铁矿化阶段的主要矿物有磁铁矿、角闪石、石英和少量 的钾长石和黄铁矿,且常见磁铁矿与角闪石和石英
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图 3黑尖山Fe_Cu(_Au)矿区马头滩组柱状示意图 1—凝灰岩; 2—角砾凝灰岩; 3—玄武安山玢岩; 4—矿体 Fig. 3Schematic stratigraphic columns of the Matoutan Formation in the Heijian shan Fe-Cu (-Au) deposit area 1—Tuff; 2—Brecciated tuff; 3— Basaltic andesitic porphyry; 4—Orebody |
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图 4黑尖山Fe_Cu(_Au)矿床2号勘探线地质剖面图 1—凝灰岩; 2—角砾凝灰岩; 3—玄武安山玢岩; 4—矿体; 5—钻孔及编号 Fig. 4Geological section along No. 2 exploration line of the Heijianshan Fe_Cu (-Au) deposit 1—Tuff; 2—Brecciated tuff; 3—Basaltic andesitic porphyry; 4—Orebody; 5— Drill hole and its serial number |
单矿物的分离工作是先将清洗后的岩石样品破碎,然后在双目镜下挑选,使其纯度达到99 %以上。矿物在分析之前均先在150℃条件下烘干。O同位素测试是在中国地质科学院矿产资 源研究所稳定同位素实验室的Finnigan MAT 253质谱仪上完成的。O同位素的分析根据Clayt on等(1963)的方法进行。硅酸盐矿物除绿帘石外,用BrF5在580℃条件下处理12 h,而 磁 铁矿和绿帘石用BrF5在620℃条件下处理48 h。测试结果采用V_SMOW表示,分析精度优于 ±0.2‰,不确定度为1σ。
同位素测试是在核工业地质分析测试研究中心的Finnigan MAT 253型质谱仪上完成的。H同 位素的分析根据Vennemann等(1993)的方法进行。测试结果采用V_SMOW表示,分析精度优 于±2‰,不确定度为1σ。
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图 5黑尖山Fe_Cu(_Au)矿床矿物生成顺序 Fig. 5Paragenetic sequence of the Heijianshan Fe_Cu (_Au) deposit |
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图 6黑尖山Fe_Cu(_Au)矿床中代表性的矿物共生组合a. 阶段Ⅱ中广泛发育的绿帘石被阶段Ⅲ的阳起石_磁铁矿脉切穿; b. 在阶段Ⅲ,磁铁矿 与石英和角闪石共生; c. 阶段Ⅳ的黄铁矿被阶段Ⅴ的 黄铜矿_银金矿脉切穿; d. 阶段V的石英_黄铜矿_赤铁矿脉切穿阶段Ⅲ的块状磁铁矿 Act—阳起石; Am—角闪石; Ccp—黄铜矿; Elc—银金矿; Ep—绿帘石; Hem—赤铁矿 ; Mag—磁铁矿; Py—黄铁矿; Qtz—石英 Fig. 6 Representative mineral assemblages for the Heijianshan Fe_Cu (_Au) deposi t a. Widely developed stage Ⅱ epidote cut by actinolite and magnetite veins of st age Ⅲ; b. In stage Ⅲ,magnetite intergrowth with quartz and amphibole; c. St age Ⅳ pyrite cut by a vein of chalcopyrite and electrum in stage Ⅴ; d. A vein of quartz_chalcopyrite_hematite in stage Ⅴ cutting the stage Ⅲ massive magnetite Act—Actinolite; Am—Amphibole; Ccp—Chalcopyrite; Elc—Electrum; Ep—Epidot e; Hem—Hematite; Mag—Magnetite; Py—Pyrite; Qtz—Quartz |
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表 1黑尖山各阶段矿物及流体的δ18O和δD值 Table 1δ18O and δD values of minerals and fluids from various stages a t Heijianshan |
在磁铁矿阶段,可以根据共生矿物的阳起石_磁铁矿的氧同位素对(1000 lnα阳起石_ 水=3.96×106/t2-8.25×103/t+2.37,1000 lnα磁铁矿_水=3.0 2×106/t2-12×103/t+3.31;Zheng,1991;1993b;Zheng et al.,1991)来计 算磁铁矿阶段成矿流体温度。在选择矿物共 生对进行计算前,笔者先在镜下对矿物进行岩相学观察以确定两者为共生矿物。磁铁矿阶段 的阳起石_磁铁矿的氧同位素对计算出的温度约为590℃,笔者认为该温度代表了形成磁铁矿 时成矿流体的温度。流体包裹体测温结果(未发表)显示,代表各阶段的成矿流体温度分别 为370℃(阶段Ⅱ)、170℃(阶段Ⅳ)和160℃(阶段Ⅵ)。
在绿帘石蚀变阶段,计算出的绿帘石的δ18Ofluid值(t=370℃;100 0 ln α绿帘石_水=4.05×106/t2-7.81×103/t+2.29;Zheng,1993b) 在6.3‰~7.8‰之间,平均值7.0‰。在磁铁矿阶段,计算出的磁铁矿(t=590℃;1 000 lnα 磁铁矿_水=3.02×106/t2-12×103/t+3.31;Zheng,1991;Zheng e t al.,1991)、石英(t=590℃;1000 lnα石英_水=4.48×106/t2-4 .77×103/t+1.71;Zheng,1993a)、阳起石(t=590℃;1000 lnα阳起 石_水=3.96×106/t2-8.25×103/t+2.37;Zheng,1993b)计算出 的δ18Ofluid值分别为8.8‰、9.5‰~9.7‰和8.9‰~9.3‰。在后期脉 阶段,绿帘石的δ18Ofluid值(t=160 ℃ ;1000 lnα绿帘石_水=4.05×106/t2-7.81×103/t+2.29;Zheng ,1993b)在1.4‰~3.5‰之间,平均值2.2‰(表1)。
成矿流体不同阶段δDH2O值可根据各阶段代表性矿物的平衡方程进行计算,如绿帘 石(阶段Ⅱ: t=370℃;1000 lnα绿帘石_水=9.3×106/t2-61. 9;C hacko et al.,1999;阶段Ⅵ: t=160℃;1000 lnα绿帘石_水=29.2×10 6/ t2-138.8;Graham et al.,1980)和阳起石(阶段Ⅲ: t=590℃;1000 lnα 角闪石_水=-23.9×106/t2+7.9;Suzuoki et al.,1976)。计算出的δD H2O值在绿帘石蚀变阶段为-12.3‰~-7.3‰(平均值-10.4‰),在磁铁矿 阶段为-102.5‰和-87.6‰,而后期脉阶段为-76.1‰~-57.2 ‰(平均 值-65.9‰,详见表1)。
在阶段Ⅱ,由绿帘石计算得出的δ18Ofluid值为6.3‰~7.8‰,平均值7.0 ‰,这与四川拉拉铜矿床磁铁矿_多金属硫化物阶段、Olympic Dam的磁铁矿阶段和赤铁矿_ 石英阶段范围相似(图7)。在绿帘石蚀变阶段,绿帘石的δDfluid值为-12.3‰~- 7.3‰(平均值-10.4‰),在δDH2O_δ18OH2O图(图8)中,位 于岩浆水和变质水的上部,代表热液流体在形成大面积绿帘石蚀变时可能并非岩浆成因或变 质成因。笔者认为在阶段Ⅱ,热液流体可能为晚石炭纪海水与围岩发生了交代作用的产物, 该过程可以使得流体δ18Ofluid值显著升高,但δDfluid值几乎未发生 变化(Battles et al.,1995)。
在阶段Ⅲ,计算得出的磁铁矿(8.8‰)、石英(9.5‰和9.7‰)和阳起 石的 δ18Ofluid值(8.9‰~9.3‰,平均值9.1‰)与秘鲁Mina Justa铜矿(IO CG型)的磁铁矿_ 黄铁矿阶段相似,位于岩浆成因的范围(图7)。该阶段的岩浆热液流体具有相对较低的δD H2O值且位于岩浆水的下部(图8),明显不同于单一的岩浆成因。笔者推测可能是 围岩中残 留的海水与围岩作用后参与到岩浆热液流体中,并受到有机质还原作用影响(石英包裹体的 拉曼显示该阶段流体中含有少量的SO2,未发表),使得在阶段Ⅲ的δDH2O和δ 18Ofluid值相对于单一的岩浆热液流体分别有一定的降低和升高。因此,笔者 认为该阶段的流体主要为 岩浆热液成因,并受到围岩及围岩中残留海水和有机质的影响。
在阶段Ⅳ和Ⅴ,热液流体以中_低温的盆地卤水为主(<300℃,未发表流体包裹体数据), 形 成黄铁矿化和Cu(_Au)矿化。在阶段Ⅵ,绿帘石的δ18Ofluid值为1.4‰~3 .5‰(平均值为 2.2‰),与拉拉铜矿(IOCG型)的后期无矿脉阶段相似(图7)。同时,如图8所示,该阶 段流体被投在了岩浆水向大气降水演化的趋势线上,且向大气水方向靠近,说明该阶段的流 体以大气降水为主。
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图 7黑尖山矿床和世界上的其他IOCG矿床各阶段计算得出的δ18Ofluid_ t关系图 其他IOCG矿床的数据来自Benavides et al.,2007;Chen et al.,2011;Chen et al.,20 12;Williams et al.,2005;岩浆水的范围据Taylor,1997 Fig. 7δ18Ofluid_t relationships of the calculated fluid s from various stages in the Heijianshan deposit and other IOCG deposits in th e world Data for other IOCG deposits are from Benavides et al.,2007;Chen et al.,2011 ;Chen et al.,2012;Williams et al.,2005 and references therein;Magmatic wa ter is from Taylor,1997 |
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图 8黑尖山矿床各蚀变矿化阶段计算得出的流体 δD_δ18O图 岩浆水和变质水的范围分别据Taylor,1997;Sheppard,1986;晚石炭世的可能海水值据Ve izer et al.,1999;Fe矿化阶段分别据迤纳厂(侯林等,2013)、雅满苏(卢登蓉等,199 5)和红云滩(张增杰等, 2012) Fig. 8Calculated δD-δ18O values of fluids responsible for som e alteration and mineralization stages in the Hei_ jianshan deposit Fields for magmatic and metamorphic water are from Taylor,1997 and Sheppard,19 86,respectively;possible Lower Carboniferous seawater composition is from Veiz er et al.,1999;Fe mineralization stages are from Yinachang(Hou et al. ,2013),Yamansu(Lu et al.,1995) and Hongyuntan(Zhang et al.,2012) |
类似黑尖山这种成矿流体来自岩浆热液和外部流体2种不同体系、并且成矿流体演化呈现明 显阶段性的现象同样也出现在一些典型的IOCG矿床中,特别是安第斯中生代IOCG矿床,如 秘鲁的Raúl_Condestable矿床和Mina Justa矿床、智利的Mantoverde 矿床和La Candelaria矿床(Chen et al.,2011)。
黑尖山在绿帘石蚀变阶段(阶段Ⅱ)的H_O同位素特征明显不同于阿齐山_雅满苏Fe_Cu成矿 带中具有矽卡岩化的Fe矿床在矽卡岩阶段的高温岩浆热液特点, 而与IOCG矿床在矿化前由 海 水与围岩反应形成的Na_Ca蚀变相似(详见Barton et al., 1996;表2)。在Fe矿化阶段( 阶段Ⅲ), 图7显示黑尖山的成矿流体为岩浆成因, 而图8的H_O同位素显示该阶段的成矿 流 体虽然以岩浆热液为主, 但明显受到其他因素(围岩与围岩中残留海水和有机质)的影响 。 同时, 黑尖山Fe矿化阶段的成矿流体主要为岩浆热液的特征, 不仅在其他IOCG矿床中有所 报道(如秘鲁Mina Justa矿床:Chen et al., 2011;中国拉拉矿床:Chen et al., 2012 ;中国迤纳厂矿床:侯林等, 2013;巴西Sossego矿床:Monteiro et al., 2008;智利 Mantoverde矿床:Benavides et al., 2007), 而且在阿齐山_雅满苏Fe_Cu成矿带的雅满 苏铁矿床(卢登蓉等, 1995)和红云滩铁矿床(张增杰等, 2012)中也有报道。黑尖山Cu (_Au )矿化阶段为低温盆地卤水的特征与秘鲁Mina Justa矿床(Chen et al., 2011)和Raúl _Condestable矿床(Ripley et al., 1977)、智利Mantoverde矿床(Vila, 1996)和La Candelaria矿床(Ullrich et al., 1999)等IOCG矿床相似(表2), 指示黑尖山可能为I O CG矿床。在后期脉阶段, 黑尖山的成矿流体以大气降水为主, 而以大气降水为主的热液流 体在许多IOCG型矿床的后期无矿脉阶段极为常见, 如Mina Justa(Chen et al., 2011) 、拉拉(Chen et al., 2012)、迤纳厂(侯林等, 2013)等矿床。
黑尖山作为阿齐山_雅满苏Fe_Cu成矿带富铜的Fe矿实例,矿体主要以层状、似层状赋存于火 山岩和火山碎屑岩中,与SEDEX和海相火山岩型矿床相似。但是,黑尖山Fe矿化阶段的温度 约590℃,明显区别于SEDEX型矿床较低的矿化温度(常为50~140℃,最大350~400℃;Fra n klin et al.,2005)。海相火山岩型Fe矿则常与海相火山_沉积岩相关,且矿化相关的火山 岩以中_基性常见(Zhang et al.,2014),具有如下特征(详见Hou et al.,2014a;Zhan g et al.,2014):① 赋矿地层为与海底岩浆作用相关的熔岩、火山碎屑岩_沉积岩;② 矿体呈层状、似层状、透镜状、脉状;③ 与赤铁矿相关的蚀变不常见,以低温蚀变(绿泥 石化、绢云母化、硅化和碳酸盐化)为主,而与磁铁矿相关的蚀变广泛发育,以矽卡岩化( 石榴子石化、透辉石化、绿泥石化、绿帘石化和阳起石化)、碳酸盐化、硅化、钾长石化和 钠化为主,且矽卡岩化附近无岩体出现;④ 矿化与海底岩浆作用和海水有关,从火山口向 外,铁矿化成因出现岩浆成因、热液成因到沉积成因的变化;⑤ 成矿时代为古元古代到中 生代。值得提出的是,海相火山岩型矿床是目前国内常用的分类,但在国外并未单独划分该 矿床类型,且具有矽卡岩化的海相火山岩型矿床与矽卡岩矿床之间争议很大,如Mao等(200 5)认为 雅满苏Fe(_Cu)矿为矽卡岩型矿床,存在隐伏岩体,而部分学者(Hou et al.,20 14a;2014b;Zhang et al.,2014)认为其为海相火山岩型矿床。
尽管IOCG型矿床的矿体也常以层状、似层状 赋存于火山岩、火山碎屑岩中,与海相火山岩型矿床 有一定相似性,但是IOCG型矿床具有其他不同的典型特征(Chen,2013;Chen et al. ,2011;Williams et al.,2005):① 矿化前大面积的Na_Ca蚀变;② Fe矿化早于Cu(_A u)矿化;③ Fe矿化可分为赤铁矿亚阶段和主磁铁矿化阶段,且常出现磁铁矿_角闪石_黑云 母_钾长石的矿物共生组合;④ Cu(_Au)阶段出现黄铜矿±金_赤铁矿_方解石_绿泥石的矿 物共生组合;⑤ Fe阶段为高温、中_高盐度的岩浆热液流体;⑥ Cu(_Au)阶段为低温 、中 _高温的盆地卤水或海水。可以看出,IOCG型矿床与海相火山岩型矿床的比较显著的区别为 :① 除富含大量的磁铁矿或赤铁矿外,IOCG型矿床常伴有工业品位的Cu、Au、Ag和REE 矿化;② IOCG型矿床的Fe矿化为岩浆或岩浆热液成因,常与侵入体相关,为后生矿床,不 同于海相火山岩型的同生特征(可能受到后期海水影响出现热液成因);③ IOCG型的Cu(_ Au)矿化多为非岩浆成因的海水或盆地卤水,而海相火山岩型矿床常无或含有极少的后期的 Cu矿化。
综上所述,黑尖山在蚀变与矿化共生组合、成矿流体特征和来源等方面皆与安第斯中生代IO CG矿床相似,而与典型矽卡岩型、海相火山岩型和SEDEX型矿床存在较大差异,表明以黑尖 山Fe_Cu(_Au)矿床为代表的阿齐山_雅满苏Fe_Cu成矿带可能具有安第斯型IOCG矿床的成矿 潜力。
(2) Fe矿化阶段的O同位素温度计表明该阶段的成矿流体温度为590℃,代表了磁铁矿形 成的温度。
(3) 黑尖山Fe_Cu(_Au)矿床在蚀变与矿化共生组合、成矿流体特征和来源等方面皆与安 第斯中生代IOCG矿床相似,表明以黑尖山Fe_Cu(_Au)矿床为代表的阿齐山_雅满苏Fe_Cu成 矿带可能具有安第斯型IO CG矿床的成矿潜力。
志谢野外地质工作期间,得到新疆第一地质大队野外工作人员的大力支持和帮 助。中国 科学院广州地球化学研究所王成明博士在文章撰写中的交流、讨论,以及审稿专家对本文提 出许多建设性的意见,在此一并感谢!
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