(1 中国地质大学地球科学与资源学院,地质过程与矿产资源国家重点实验室, 北京100 083; 2 中国地质科学院矿产资源 研究所 国土资源部成矿作用与资源评价重点实 验室, 北京100037; 3 长江大学地球科学学院, 湖北 武汉430100)
第一作者简介余小灿, 男, 1988年生, 博士研究生, 岩石学、矿物学、矿床学专业。 Email: xiaocany1988@163.com **通讯作者刘成林, 男, 1963年生, 研究员, 主要从事沉积矿床研究工作。 Email: l iuchengl@263.net
收稿日期2016_08_15;
改回日期2016_09_15
本文得到973项目(编号: 2011CB403007)、中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项( 编号: K1415)、中国地质大调查项目(编号: 12120114051901)和国家自然科学基金青 年基金(编号: 41502089)联合资助
a rea: Evidence from U_Pb geochronology and geochemistry of detrital zircons
(1 China University of Geosciences, School of Earth Sciences and Resources, S tate Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, Beijing 10 0083, China; 2 MLR Key Laboratory of Metallogeny and Mineral Assessment, Insti tute of Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 1 00037, China; 3 School of Geosciences, Yangtze University, Wuhan 43 0100, Hubei, China)
大别造山带形成于三叠纪,扬子板块向北俯冲于华北板块下部,主要由北部的淮阳构造岩浆 带、核部变质杂岩带(NDC)和南部高压(HP)、超高压(UHP)变质带组成(Grimmer et a l.,2003;Li et al.,2005;Liu et al.,2013)。北部淮阳构造单元主要由低级变质岩 组成,伴有少量角闪岩相岩石,被白垩纪岩体侵入(Okay et al.,1993)。核部杂岩体主 要由灰色片麻岩和次一级的混合岩、角闪岩、麻粒岩和大理岩组成(Wang et al.,2005) 。南部高压、超高压变质带主要由片麻岩及少量角闪岩、含石榴子石橄榄岩、硬玉石英岩和 大理岩组成(Liu et al.,2013)。江南造山带主要由新元古代冷家溪群和板溪群组成,两 者以角度不整合接触(Wang et al.,2007;2009)。冷家溪群主要由砂岩、板岩、细碧岩 和火山碎屑岩组成,板溪群主要由杂砂岩、板岩和绿片岩序列组成。这些基底序列被晋宁期 、加里东期、印支期和燕山期的花岗岩所侵入。黄陵隆起是一个北东东向的背斜,基底出露 背斜的核部,由新太古代—古元古代的崆岭群和黄陵花岗岩侵入体(740~850 Ma)组成( 马 国干等,1984;Li et al.,2003;Zheng et al.,2004;Zhang et al.,2006b),盖层由 震旦系—三叠系海相地层组成(沈传波等,2009)。崆岭群中最老的岩石年龄为3218~3300 M a(Jiao et al.,2009;Gao et al.,2011)。黄陵隆起前寒武纪基底序列产生的碎屑锆石 U_Pb年龄峰值为2870~3280 Ma、2500 Ma、1900~2050 Ma、1800 Ma和720~910 Ma(Qiu e t al.,2000;Zhang et al.,2006a;2006b;Liu et al.,2008)。
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图 1江汉盆地地质简图及周缘构造单元(据Liu et al.,2013) T3—下三叠统沉积物; J2—中侏罗统沉积物; K1—下白垩统沉积物; K2—上白 垩统沉积物; E—古近系沉积物; F1—信阳_舒城断裂 (商单缝合带在大别造山带北缘的 延伸部分); F2—襄广断裂(勉略缝合带在大别山南缘的延伸部分); NDC—北大别山核 部变质杂岩体; UHP—超高压变质带; HP—高压变质带 Fig. 1Schematic map showing the Jianghan Basin and neighboring tectonic units (after Liu et al., 2013) T3—Lower Triassic sediments; J2—Middle Jurassic sediments; K1—Lower C retaceous sediments; K2—Upper Cretaceous sediments; E—Paleogene sediments ; F1—Xinyang_Shucheng fault; F2—Xiangfan_Guangji fault, which buried the M ianlue suture; NDC—North Dabie core complex zone; UHP—Ultrahigh_pres sure metamorphic unit; HP—High_pressure metamorphic unit |
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图 2江陵凹陷SKD1井沙市组简表及采样位置 Fig. 2Stratigraphic section and sampling locations in the SKD1 drill hole of Jiangling depression |
对锆石进行年代学的分析,表1列出了样品中碎屑锆石Th、U元素含量和表面年龄的计算结果 ,获得表面年龄范围为126~2560 Ma(图5)。最年轻的2颗锆石年龄为(126±2) Ma和 (150±3) Ma,3个太古代年龄分别为(2560±51) Ma、(2503±51) Ma和(2543 ±52) Ma。在年龄谱图(图6)中,主要存在12个年龄峰值,分别为2500 Ma、1870 Ma、99 5 Ma、850 Ma、708~775 Ma、603~640 Ma、505~564 Ma、408~458 Ma、356 Ma 、300 Ma、235 Ma和172 Ma。各年龄峰值所占颗粒数及含量见表2。
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图 3江汉盆地沙市组碎屑锆石典型CL图像特征 Fig. 3Cathodoluminescence images of representative detrial zircon grains of Shashi Formation in Jianghan Basin |
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图 4江汉盆地沙市组砂岩样品的碎屑锆石Th/U比值 Fig. 4Plots of Th/U ratios versus U_Pb ages of detrial zircon grains in sand stones from the Shashi Formation of Jianghan Basin |
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表 2江汉盆地沙市组中不同年龄峰值的锆石数目 Table 2Numbers of zircons of different age peaks in the Shashi Formation of Jianghan Basin |
一般而言,典型的未蚀变岩浆锆石的稀土元素配分模式变现为亏损LREE,富集HREE,正Ce异 常,负Eu异常;典型的变质锆石稀土元素配分模式特征为正Ce异常,负Eu异常,HREE相对平 坦 ;典型热液锆石特征为LREE平坦,HREE富集,负Eu异常(Belousova et al.,2002;雷玮琰 等,2013)。由图7可以看出,轻稀土元素亏损、重稀土元素富集,呈现左倾模式。Eu处出 现适度的“谷"状负Eu异常,“峰"状正Ce异常。La至Eu段轻稀土元素配分曲线较为平坦、 斜 率较小,轻稀土元素之间的分馏程度较低;Gd至Lu段重稀土元素配分曲线斜率较大,说明重 稀土元素之间的分馏程度较高。总体符合岩浆锆石的稀土元素配分模式,个别锆石稀土元素 配分模式显示正Ce异常,负Eu异常,但HREE相对平坦,符合变质锆石的稀土元素配分模式( 图7)。
从样品中的锆石年龄分析可知,锆石的年龄峰值主要集中于3个年龄段,分别为古元古代的2 500 Ma和1870 Ma两个峰值年龄;新元古代,其年龄峰值为995 Ma、850 Ma、708~775 M a 和603~640 Ma;早古生代,其年龄峰值为505~553 Ma和408~458 Ma。并有一些晚古生代 和中 生代的年龄段,其中,印支期的年龄较明显。宽泛变化的碎屑锆石年龄以及不同的年龄峰值 表明了碎屑物源的多样性。同时,多样的锆石形貌特征也支持了这一结论(图2)。
2500 Ma和1870 Ma两个峰值年龄较明显,共占据了所有锆石的17.5%。这2个峰值年龄 在华 北板块和扬子板块均出现,Liu等(2008)分析了2个板 块的碎屑锆石特征, 认为峰值年龄2500 Ma在华北板块明显,而1870 Ma峰值年龄在扬子板块明显,表明了这些碎屑锆石可能来自 于扬子板块。
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图 5江汉盆地沙市组碎屑锆石样品锆石U_Pb年龄谐和图 Fig. 5Concordia plots of detrital zircon U_Pb analytical results in the Shashi Formation of Jianghan Basin |
新元古代时期伴随罗迪亚超大陆的聚合和裂解,华南克拉通出现大量的岩浆活动(Zhou et al.,2002;Li et al.,2003;Zheng,2003;Zheng et al.,2007;Wu et al.,2006)。 研究区新元古代碎屑锆石占据了总数量的32%,可见该时期的碎屑锆石作为主要锆石来源。 黄陵花岗岩侵入崆岭地体位于莲沱组之下,锆石U_Pb年龄为740~850 Ma(Li et al.,2003 ;Zheng,2003;Zheng et al.,2004),且在晚白垩世时期遭受剥蚀(沈传波等,2009;S hen et al.,2012)。相似年龄组也可以在江南造山带和黄陵隆起获得(Wang et al.,200 7;Liu et al.,2008;Yao et al.,2013)。同时,在800~1000 Ma期间,沿着扬子克拉 通 的北缘出现钙碱性的侵入体(Shi et al.,1990;Gao et al.,1990)。可见,江南造山带 和黄陵隆起都可能是新元古代碎屑锆石的源区,可能有少量来自扬子板块北缘同期的火山岩 。
古新世时期江汉盆地主要有西北和东北2个源区,而黄陵隆起和大别造山带分别位于其西北 缘和东北缘,则古元古代和新元古代碎屑锆石应来自黄陵隆起。同时,印支期的锆石年龄峰 值(235 Ma)也是较明显的,该时期常常和大别山的高压和超高压变质岩有关(Ratschbacher et al.,2000;Grimmer et al.,2003;Wang et al.,2009)。
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图 6江汉盆地沙市组碎屑锆石年龄谱图及直方图 (n=97,为锆石颗粒数) Fig. 6Age spectrum and histogram of detrital zircons in the Shashi Formation of Jianghan Basin (n=97, means the number of particles of zircon) |
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图 7江汉盆地古新统沙市组锆石稀土元素配分模式图 Fig. 7Rare element distribution of detrital zircons of Paleocene Shashi Form ation in Jianghan Basin |
早古生代年龄的锆石占据了18.6%,这个年龄组与全球构造岩浆事件加里东运动(Ireland e t al.,1998)相当。而加里东花岗岩广泛分布于江南造山带,例如湖南省和江西省(湖南 省地质矿产局,1998;江西省地质矿产局,1984;Li et al.,2010;Wang et al.,2011) 。而中扬子地区和大别造山带不发育早古生代年龄的锆石,显然这些碎屑锆石应来自江南造 山带。356 Ma、300 Ma和172 Ma年龄含量较少,可能表明海西和燕山期花岗岩对研究区的物 源供应是不重要的。
因此,江汉盆地古新世时期盆地物源主要由黄陵隆起以及扬子板块与大别造山带之间碰撞带 提供,而盆地南缘的江南造山带物源则处于次要地位。当然,需要进一步研究去证实。
从上述江汉盆地物源分析可知,古新世时期盆地物源主要来自黄陵隆起与大别造山带。据白 寿昌(1989)和Xiong等(2008)可知,黄陵花岗岩和圈椅花岗岩的w(K2O) 分别为2.10%~3.60%和5.25%~5.81%,K2O含量很高,这些花岗岩的剥蚀再沉积可以 为该凹陷成钾物质来源提供充足物源。
(1) 根据碎屑锆石形貌特征、Th/U比值及稀土元素配分模式可知,碎屑锆石总体为岩浆锆 石,同时存在少量的变质锆石。
(2) 沙市组碎屑锆石年龄主要集中于古元古代、新元古代和早古生代。其中,新元古代所 占比例最大,新元古代和古元古代的锆石来自盆地西北缘的黄陵隆起。
(3) 早中生代碎屑锆石年龄较明显,表明了印支期花岗岩的对该区物源的贡献。该时期碎 屑锆石来自扬子板块与大别造山带之间碰撞带附近的火山弧。
(4) 根据江陵凹陷西南缘古新统沙市组碎屑锆石的U_Pb年代学及古地理特征可知,该地层 主要物源来自黄陵隆起以及扬子板块与大别造山带之间碰撞带,而江南造山带的贡献是次要 的。黄陵隆起花岗岩含钾高,其风化带来了丰富的钾进入该盆地。
志谢野外工作中得到了锦辉(荆州)精细化工有限公司陈成、章宽及中国地质 科学院矿产资源研究所赵艳军副研究员和博士研究生沈立建、中国地质 大学(北京)硕士研究生张林兵的大力支持和帮助,在此表示衷心的感谢。同时,感谢评审 专家提出富有建设性的宝贵意见。
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