(1 中国地质科学院矿产资源研究所 国土资源部成矿作用与资源评价重点实验室, 北京 100037; 2 中海油研究总院, 北京100027; 3 金堆城钼业集团有限公司, 陕西 华 县714102; 4 西安石油大学 地球科学与工程学院, 陕西 西安710065)
第一作者简介李洪英, 女, 1976年生, 博士, 高级工程师, 主要从事岩石学、矿物 学、矿床学研究。 Email: lihongyingy@163.com
收稿日期2015_09_17;
改回日期2016_03_24
本文得到中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务专项资金“岩浆热液演化的包裹体证据_东秦 岭金堆城斑岩钼矿床熔融包裹体和熔融_流体包裹体研究(编号:YK1503)”、山西中条山 铜矿峪铜矿矿床地质特征及成因研究(编号: K1408)、中国地质调查项目“中国铜多金属 成矿规律、矿床模型和找矿方项研究(编号: 12120113093600)”和中国地质调查项目“ 重要矿种关键问题调查与矿产地质专题填图试点(编号: DD20160124)”的联合资助
its geological significance
(1 MLR Key Laboratory of Metallogeny and Mineral Assessment, Institute of Miner al Resources, CAGS, Beijing 100037, China; 2 Research Institute, CNOOC, Beijin g 100027, China; 3 Jinduicheng Molybdenum Group Co., Ltd.,Huaxian 714102, Sha anxi, China; 4 Earth Science and Engineering Couege of Xi an Shiyou University, Xi an 710065, Shaanxi, China)
基性岩脉是在大陆伸展背景下,主要来自地幔岩石圈或软流圈的岩浆侵入体,是地壳(或岩 石圈)伸展的重要标志,是地幔岩石圈部分熔融作用以及幔源岩浆作用的产物,所以许多与 地幔流体有关的矿床都和基性岩脉之前存在着一定的联系。研究表明,地幔流体为澳大利亚 Yilgarn地块太古宙金矿、中国内蒙古白云鄂博REE_Fe_Nb超大型矿床提供了成矿物质,又是 其成矿流体的重要来源;在胶东金矿、小秦岭金矿、华南铀矿带等成矿作用中,地幔流体起 着重要作用(王团华等,2008; 倪师军,1994;倪师军等,1994;孙丰月等,1995;胡瑞忠 等,1990;1993;胡瑞忠,1989;1990;李子颖等,1999;余达淦,1992;范洪海等,2003 ;张守本,2004;王学成,1986;1989;王学成等,1991;李献华等,1997;李献华,1990 )。在东秦岭地区许多金属矿床集中分布区域内,中基性岩脉也十分发育。因此,从20世纪 50年代末期以来,对该区的研究工作从未间断过(王艺芬等,1991;裴先志等,1995;2001 ;张本仁等,2000;宋峰等,1999;董云鹏等,1999;刘军锋等,2005;余研等,1994;倪 师军,1994;倪师军等,1994;王团华等,2008),但先前的研究主要着重于探讨基性岩脉 与各种金属矿化的关系,而对基性岩脉的岩石地球化学特征和成因的研究涉及较少,如王团 华等(2008)对小秦岭、熊耳山金矿区中基性岩墙的岩石化学进行了系统研究,倪师军(19 94)对小秦岭基性岩脉与金矿成因关系进行了研究,但是钼矿区基性岩脉的研究较少。金堆 城钼矿集区的基性岩脉主要为辉绿岩脉,仅在区域地质报告中有见报 道(陕西省地质局金堆城地质队,1959),而关于辉绿岩的形成时间、地球化学特征及其与 金堆城斑岩钼 矿的关系均未见到报道。因此,
本文对该区辉绿岩脉开展了系统的地球化学研究,并结合区 域上已 有的研究成果,对于基性岩脉成因机制及其形成时的地球动力学背景进行了探讨。
金堆城钼矿区位于陕西省东部,地处华北板块南缘的洛南_栾川台缘褶皱带西段。太古界太 华岩群片麻岩和混合岩出露于矿区的北部;中元古界熊耳群火山岩分布于矿区的中部_ 西 南部;中元古界官道口群高山河组不整合覆盖于熊耳群之上,其岩性主要为石英岩、板岩 和泥岩。金堆城矿区内断裂构造发育, 断裂构造主要为近东西向和北 西向2组,走向近东西的断裂有燕门凹张性断裂,它具多期活动的特点,形成一张性断裂破 碎带,南部为碌碡沟压性断裂,倾向南,北西向断裂倾向南西,近东西向断裂和北西向断 裂交汇处往往控制花岗斑岩和钼矿床的分布(陕西省地质局金堆城地质队,1959;黄典豪等 ,1987)。 褶皱构造主要为黄龙铺背斜,轴向与近东西向 的区域构造线相一致,核部由熊耳群火山岩组成,两翼和倾伏端由高山河组的石英岩、板岩 组成,东段轴向近东西向,在潘家沟一带呈略向南凸出的弧形。金堆城矿区内岩浆岩出露广 泛,印支期辉绿岩主要呈北东向或北西向脉状分布,燕 山期花岗岩呈两种形态产出,老牛山花岗岩体呈岩基大面积分布于矿区的西北部(图1)。
本区辉绿岩主要呈北东向、或北西向脉状 分布(图1),与矿区内燕山期二长花岗岩呈侵入接触关系,主要分布于新元古界官道口群石 英岩中。采样位置详见图1,岩石样品均有不同程度的蚀变(图2),主要呈灰黑色、灰黑绿 色 ;主要矿物有单斜辉石(35%)、基性斜长石(50%~60%),少量为石英(2%~3%)、磁铁 矿 、钛铁矿、磷灰石等。斜长石呈较规则板状、长条状,杂乱分布,格架中充填细粒辉石,构 成特征的辉绿结构,部分自形晶包嵌在辉石中,斜长石具有绢云母化、绿泥石化、钾长石化 ;辉石以半自形_他形粒状为主,不均匀地充填于斜长石的间隙中,多数发生蚀变,具有绿 泥石化等;石英呈微细粒状,不均匀地充填于斜长石、辉石的间隙中。
每个样品取约5 g用于主量元素和微量元素的测试。测试工作在国家地质实验测 试中心进行。主量元素除FeO、LOI采用标准湿化学分析方法外,其他元素分析采用XRF方法 完成,精度优于5%,稀土和微量元素采用ICP_MS方法分析,含量>10×10-6的元素 分析精度优于5%,含量<10×10-6分析精度优于10%。
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图 1陕西金堆城钼矿床地质图(据黄典豪等,1987)1—新元古界管道口群石英岩; 2—新元古界管道口群板岩; 3—古元古界熊耳群安山岩; 4—黑云母化安山岩; 5—辉绿岩; 6—燕山期二长花岗岩; 7—花岗斑岩; 8— 断层; 9—背斜轴; 10—向斜轴; 11—断裂破碎带; 12—地质界线; 13—不整合界线; 14—钼 矿体范围; 15—采样位置Fig. 1Geological map of Jinduicheng Mo deposit in Shaanxi (modified after H uang et al., 1987) 1—Quartzite and sandstone of Neoproterozoic Guandaokou Group; 2—Slate of Mesop roterozoic Xiong er Group; 3—Andesitic rocks of Mesoproterozoic Xiong er Group; 4—Biotitized andesite; 5—Triassic diabase; 6—Yanshanian adamellite; 7—Grani te porphyry; 8—Fault; 9—Anticline axis; 10—Syncline axis; 11—Fault z one; 12 —Exploration line; 13—Unconformity; 14—Mo orebody; 15—Sampling location |
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图 2金堆城钼矿区辉绿岩特征 a. 花岗岩与辉绿岩接触带; b. 野外辉绿岩; c. 辉绿岩手标本; d. 绿泥石化辉绿岩 Pyx—辉石, Pla—斜长石, Chl—绿泥石化 Fig. 2Petrography of diabase dyke from the Jinduicheng Mo deposit a. Gontact zone of granite and diabase; b. Field photo of diabase; c. Diabase sa mple; d. Microscopic characteristics of diabase Pyx—Pyroxene,Pla—Plagioclase,Chl—Chloritization |
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表 1金堆城辉绿岩脉的主量元素(w(B)/%)、微量元素和稀土元素(w (B)/10-6)分析结果 Table 1Major (w(B)/%),trace and rare earth elements (w(B)/10-6 ) compositions of Jinduicheng diabase dykes |
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续表 1Continued Table 1 |
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图 3金堆城钼矿床辉绿岩脉的岩石系列判别图 a. Zr/TiO2×0.001_Nb/Y图解(据Winchester et al.,1977); b. FeOT/MgO_SiO2 (Miyashiro,1975)图解 Fig. 3Discriminative diagrams for the mafic dykes in the Jinduicheng Mo deposi t a. Zr/TiO2×0.001 versus Nb/Y (after Winchester et al., 1977); b. FeOT/MgO v ersus SiO2 (Miyashiro,1975) |
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图 4金堆城钼矿床辉绿岩球粒陨石标准化稀土元素配分曲线(a)和微量元素原始地 幔标准化蛛网图(b)(球粒陨石 标准化值和原始地幔数据据Sun et al.,1989;图中XR_0 1~XR_07为熊耳群火山岩,数据引自赵太平等,2002) Fig. 4Chondrite_normalized REE patterns (a) and primitive mantle normalized tr ace element spidergram (b) for the mafic dykes in the Jinduicheng Mo deposit ( chondrite normalized values and primitive mantle data after Sun et al.,1989) |
岩脉的微量元素分析结果列于表1中,微量元素蛛网图见图4b。微量元素组成上,总体富集R b、Ba等大离子亲石元素,相对亏损Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf等高场强元素,而Sr相对相邻元素(Pr 和Nd)亏损((图4b)。岩脉的Nb/Ta比值为15.6~19.1,接近球粒陨石和原始地幔的Nb/ Ta 比值(约17.5),高于新太古代大陆地壳平均值(11~12)(Hofmann,1988;Green, 199 5)。
研究区辉绿岩脉总体亏损HFSE,富集LILE,有明显的Nb、Ta和Ti负异常以及Ba和Pb的正异常 ,La/Nb比值和La/Ta比值(分别为1.9~4.7和29.5~89.8)明显高于受地壳混染岩石的 相应比值(分别为>1.5和>30,Fitton et al., 1988; Thompson et al., 1988),说明金 堆城钼矿区辉绿岩脉形成过程中受到地壳混染。
金堆城钼矿床辉绿岩脉的后期蚀变比较明显,比如一些样品具有相对较高的LOI值(1.17% ~3.64%)和较多的蚀变矿物(如绿泥石、绿帘石等),有些薄片中的辉石全部蚀变为角闪石 。部 分岩石的蚀变程度较高,研究区内辉绿岩脉以Nb、Ta、Ti亏损为特征,表明有地壳物质或者 富集岩石圈地幔物质的贡献,可能是后期地壳混染的结果(AFC过程),也可能是源区混染的结果,有待进一步研究。
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图 5金堆城钼矿床辉绿岩脉的Harker图解 Fig. 5Harker diagrams of the diabase dykes in the Jinduicheng Mo deposit |
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图 6金堆城钼矿床辉绿岩脉的SI_SiO2图解(a)和SI_MgO图解(b) Fig. 6SI versus SiO2 (a) and SI versus MgO (b) diagrams for the mafic dykes in the Jinduicheng Mo deposit |
金堆城钼矿区辉绿岩的稀土元素总量与熊耳群(ΣREE为334.46×10-6~463.6×10 -6,夏 林圻等,1990;赵太平等,2002)的相似,且均为轻稀土元素富集型(夏林圻等,1990;赵 太平等,2002),δEu微弱的负异常(夏林圻等,1990;赵太平等,2002),表明它们具有 相同的岩石 化学基本属性。从上可知,金堆城的辉绿岩类主要来源于上地幔部分熔融产生的碱性玄 武岩浆,但是受到陆壳物质的混染。
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图 7金堆城钼矿区辉绿岩的Rb_Zr(a)、Ba_Zr(b)、Nb_Zr(c)和U_Zr(d)图解 Fig. 7lots of Rb_Zr (a), Ba_Zr(b), Nb_Zr(c) and U_Zr (d) of the Jinduicheng Mo deposit |
金堆城钼矿区辉绿岩脉的大离子亲石元素Sr、Ba和高场强元素Nb、Zr较富集,而稀土元素 Y和Yb相对亏损。辉绿岩脉的Hf/Th比值(1.65~2.57)相似于板内玄武岩(<8,Condie, 1989);辉绿岩脉的Th/Ta比值为2.6~5.9,Ta/Hf比值为0.1~0.2,与大陆板内玄武岩 的值(分别为>1.6和>0.1,汪云亮等,2001)相一致;Zr/Hf比值为32.46~35.48,Nb/ Ta比值为15.6~19.1,Nb/U比值为20.19~31.14,这些比值与大多数大陆板内拉斑碱 性玄武岩相似,相对都 比较稳定(罗金海等,2006)。上述微量元素特征显示,金堆城钼矿区的辉绿岩脉属于大 陆板内玄武岩范畴,形成过程中受到地壳物质的混染(李献华等,1997)。岩石的w( Cr)为85.6×10-6~184×10-6) (<200×10-6),表明岩浆早期有橄 榄石的分异作用。HFSE比值中的Zr/Nb比值为20.55~23.47(一个样品为9.05),普遍高 于原始地幔平均值(14.8),表明岩浆可能是地幔源区遭受地壳组分改造所致。
赵太平等(2002)研究认为熊耳群火山岩由玄武质_流纹质火山岩组成,并以玄武安山岩、 安山岩为主,次为英安_流纹岩,显示与拉斑玄武质岩浆及其演化趋势一致的特征,其岩石 化学成分的突出特点是高Fe、K,低Al、Ca和Mg,富集LILE和LREE,相对亏损HFSE,显示岛 弧型地球化学特征,可能是地幔源区遭受地壳组分改造所致。从地质特征来 看,
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图 8辉绿岩微量元素构造环境判别图 a. Zr/Y_Zr(Pearce et al., 1979)图解; b. 2Nb_Zr/4_Y(Meschede,1986)图解; c. Zr_Ti(Pearce et al., 1979)图解; d. Y/15_La/10_Nb/8 (Cabanis et al., 1989)图 解 IAT—岛弧玄武岩; MORB—洋中脊玄武岩; WPB—板内玄武岩; E_MORB—富集型MORB; VA B—火山弧玄武岩; 1A—钙碱性玄武岩; 1B—1A和1C的重叠区域; 1C—火山弧拉斑玄武 岩 ; 2A—大陆玄武岩; 2B—弧后盆地玄武岩; 3A—大陆内裂谷区的碱性玄武岩; 3 B、3C—E型MORB(3B区是富集的,3C是弱富集的); 3D—N_MORB Fig. 8Tectonic discriminant diagrams for the diabase dykes a. Zr/Y_Zr diagram (Pearce et al., 1979); b. 2Nb_Zr/4_Y diagram (Meschede, 1986) ; c. Ti_Zr diagram (Pearce et al., 1979); d. Y/15_La/10_Nb/8 diagram (after Caba nis et al., 1989) IAT—Island_arc basalt, MORB—Mid_ocean ridge basalt, WPB—Intraplate basalt, E—MORB_enrichment_type MORB, VAB—Volcanic arc basalt, 1A—Calc_alkaine basal t, 1B—Transition region, 1C—Volcanic arc basalt, 2A—Continental basalt, 2B—A ckarc basin basalt, 3A—Continental rift alkaline basalt, 3B and 3C—E_type MO RB (3B—Enrichment, 3C—Slight enrichment), 3D—N_type MORB |
(2) 金堆城钼矿区的辉绿岩脉主要来源于上地幔部分熔融产生的碱性玄武岩浆,但是受 到陆壳物质的混染。
志谢野外工作得到金堆城钼业集团有限公司各位领导、专家的热心帮助;镜下 鉴定过程中得到了中国地质科学院矿产资源研究所向君峰和魏然的指导与帮助。在此一并表 示感谢。
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